About

Development urbanism – an architectural theory for another kind of urbanization¹

By Henrik Valeur, 2018

Development urbanism is a theory in progress concerned with the correlation between urbanization, social and environmental change. It may provide inspiration in regions undergoing urban transition but it may also inspire the sustainable transition of already urbanized regions.

The theory posits that a radically different approach to urban planning and management is required, if urban societies are to solve the social and environmental problems that threaten to destroy them.² Urban planners and managers – as well as urban decision and opinion makers – are encouraged to abandon the ambitions of control, efficiency and predictability. Instead they should try to solve problems “at the root” (by getting rid of the cause of the problem rather than by adding more complexity to it³) and allow urban societies to emerge spontaneously through co-evolution and self-organization.

Development urbanism is an architectural theory and as such it focuses on the making and managing of physical spaces and structures. It considers both aesthetic and ethical (developmental, environmental and social) aspects; it combines critical and creative approaches; it emphasizes quality above quantity. And, like other architectural theories,⁴ development urbanism is both descriptive (scientific) and prescriptive (philosophical), based on empirical data and propositional ideas, case-studies and practical experiments.

What is urban?
The urban is not a clearly defined concept. Rather it is constantly being redefined – by itself, so to speak: to be urban is here understood as both a wish and a willingness to change not only the world, but oneself.

As a condition the urban is elusive yet inescapable; it can be very intense or almost absent. As a process it is multidirectional – either centrifugal or centripetal, or both at the same time, either growing or shrinking, or both at the same time – with multiple velocities. As a form it may have an exact size and shape and yet be vague and blurry. It is never quite the same.⁵

The urban is related to the city; it originates from the city. The city is reaching out beyond its official boundaries and this reach, the urban reach, now stretches to the farthest corners of the planet. Conversely, not all of what is officially designated a city is urban.

The urban paradox
The transition from agricultural village societies to complex urban societies – beginning with the “urban revolution” several thousand years ago and continuing, with growing intensity, today – fundamentally alters human life and natural environments.

The multiplication of human activities in cities, and the need to manage these activities, may explain the rise of complex social hierarchies and, henceforth, social division and disparity. Furthermore, increasingly specialized methods of production and increasingly diverse patterns of consumption in cities may explain increased exploitation of natural resources and the derived degradation and devastation of natural environments.

Historically, social disintegration and environmental deterioration have been key reasons for the decline and decay of many urban civilizations.⁶

This paradox, in which the growth of urban societies may eventually cause the same societies to shrink, or even collapse, possibly goes unnoticed – or is quietly accepted – because the widening gap between individuals and groups of individuals, and between humans and nature, makes us care less for each other – and for the other.

The transformative capacity
With the industrialization of that part of the world, which eventually became “developed”, and the colonization of that part of the world, which eventually became “developing”, beginning a few centuries ago, the social and environmental challenges related to urbanization became increasingly global in both scale and scope (as human and natural resources were ever more fiercely exploited across the globe).

And as the processes of urbanization, industrialization and (neo-)colonization continue to deepen and broaden, the challenges related to social division and disparity, and to environmental degradation and devastation, may just spin completely out of control.

History, however, indicates that urban societies do not only transform human life and natural environments but stimulate continuous self-transformation. Take for instance, in recent times, the changing attitude towards women in traditional patriarchal societies (exemplified by the large pro-female demonstrations in South Asian cities following the horrific gang rape in New Delhi in 2012), the uprising against despots in traditional hierarchical societies (exemplified by the Arab Spring in a number of North African and Middle Eastern cities between 2010 and 2012), the questioning of the economic laws in traditional capitalist societies (exemplified by the Occupy movement and anti-austerity protests in Western cities since 2010), the ecological awakening in traditional consumer societies (exemplified by the rise of green movements in cities throughout the world since the 1970s).⁷

In other words, while the transformative capacity of urban societies may generate problems that will eventually lead to the downfall of those societies, the same capacity may, in principle, also enable urban societies to solve those problems.

The standard approach
According to Saskia Sassen,⁸ urban societies are complex systems that are capable of transforming themselves because they are incomplete. And, it must be added, because their development is not predetermined.

Nonetheless it would seem like urban managers and planners, during the past few centuries, have been bent on “simplifying”, “completing” and “determining” urban societies.⁹ Based on a mechanistic and reductionist, centralized and top-down approach, they’ve attempted to solve problems through control and programming, standardization and optimization – most recently illustrated by the so-called “smart city” concept.

By doing so – by attempting to make cities “perfect” – they tend to discourage curiosity and creativity; i.e. the impetus to do and imagine things differently, to engage with otherness.¹⁰

However, because environmental and social problems are inherently complex and dynamic, it is assumed that neither environmental sustainability nor social justice is achieved by reaching a fixed state of perfection but rather through a never-ending search for equilibrium. This would seem to render the standard approach of urban managers and planners unsuited to solve these problems. In fact, the standard approach might be seen as a root cause of the problems.

Nevertheless, and despite being repeatedly criticized and challenged by actors and stakeholders, practitioners and theoreticians,¹¹ this approach continues to be defended by very powerful psychological and ideological, bureaucratic and commercial forces.

An alternative approach
As a theory intended to advance an alternative approach to the making and managing of urban spaces and structures, development urbanism proposes to solve social and environmental problems through collaborative and participatory processes based on principles of self-organization and co-evolution.¹²

Problems should be solved “at the root” rather than by adding additional layers of complex management systems and sophisticated technologies. For instance, solving the problems related to car traffic in cities – i.e. accidents, stress and road rage, noise and air pollution, including greenhouse gas emissions, congestion, social isolation and occupation of space that could potentially be used for cultural and social activities, active lifestyles and small-scale enterprises¹³ – does not have to involve smart traffic lights and traffic surveillance systems, electrical car engines and self driving cars, road tolls and congestion charges. Actually, the best solution would be to simply rid cities of cars all together.

This would entail new uses of urban space¹⁴ and new forms of urban mobility that, in turn, could spark creativity and innovation, as well as increased social interaction and integration of more natural elements, thus possibly enabling a better understanding of and stimulating greater solidarity with the Other.

But how to rid cities of cars?

A traditional top-down solution would be a prohibition order but given the presumptuous very strong opposition to such a solution, not least from the industries associated with the car, this might not be a viable solution in countries where industrial interests play a major role in policy making. In many countries, however, public opinion also plays a major role and because the majority of the population in many cities don’t own or use a car, making cities car-free – and managing car-free cities – would, in those countries, depend on the active involvement of the people living in cities.

How exactly this is done may vary from city to city, though cities may obviously learn from experiments and experiences in other cities while developing their own solutions – in close collaboration with the local population and in accordance with local conditions.

However, by employing a collaborative and participatory approach, cities won’t necessarily rid themselves of cars at once or all over. Instead, making cities car-free and managing car-free cities becomes a learning process allowing for continuous modifications and improvements.¹⁵

This solution is not “perfect” but seeing that urbanism is a moving field and development is about changing status quo, development urbanism is, by definition, not about the creation of “perfect” solutions. Rather, by applying this theory to practice, physical spaces and structures become tentative and temporary, modifiable and perhaps even moveable.

The question
If it is the complexity, incompleteness and indeterminateness of urban societies that gives them the transformative capacity to solve the social and environmental problems that threaten to destroy them, then how do we make and manage urban spaces and structures in a way that creates and preserves this complexity, incompleteness and indeterminateness?

The discussion
Apart from discussing the relationship between urbanization, social and environmental change (in different contexts), the theory of development urbanism will primarily discuss how to frame the problems to be solved¹⁶ and how to solve them “at the root”; how that may allow urban societies to emerge spontaneously, in non-linear and non-determined ways; how that may be implemented through co-evolution and self-organization; and how that, in turn, may be used to frame and solve the problems.

This discussion will include references to complexity theory¹⁷ and process philosophy¹⁸, development theory¹⁹ and urban studies²⁰, as well as case-studies and practical experiments that will illustrate the possible effect of the theory on the making and managing of physical spaces and structures in urban settings.

The vision
Instead of seeing and treating the city as a machine to be controlled and programmed, standardized and optimized, perhaps we may begin to see and treat it more like a spontaneously evolving ecology?²¹

Notes